Learning Objectives:

Software tools needed: web browser and Python programming environment with the Pandas package installed.

Download the Skeletal Notes and Focus Questions to guide you while studying this lab.
These are a useful tool for note taking and you can keep these handy to study for and refer to during the final exam.

Quizzes

At the end of this lab, don't forget to take Lab Quiz 6! See the quiz page for details of the work due this week.

Using Python, Gradescope, and Blackboard

See Lab 1 for details on using Python, Gradescope, and Blackboard.

Pandas & Reading Data

To make reading files easier, we will use the Pandas library that lets you read in structured data files very efficiently. Pandas, Python Data Analysis Library, is an elegant, open-source package for extracting, manipulating, and analyzing data, especially those stored in 2D arrays (like spreadsheets). It incorporates most of the Python constructs and libraries that we have seen thus far.

(Pandas is installed on all the lab machines. If you are using your own machine, see the directions at the end of Lab 1 for installing packages for Python.)

In Pandas, the basic structure is a DataFrame which stored data in rectangular grids. Let's use this to visualize the change in New York City's population. First, start your file with an import statements for pyplot and pandas: 

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
We used matplotlib in the Lab 3 and Lab 4 for plotting. The as plt allows us to use the plotting commands without having to write matplotlib.pyplot everytime, instead we just write plt. Similarly, The as pd allows us to use pandas commands without writing out pandas everytime-- we just write pd.

Next, save the NYC historical population data to the same directory as your program. This is a "comma separated values" file-- which is a plain text file containing spreadsheet data, with commas separating the different columns (thus, the name). Here's the first 10 lines of the file: 

Source:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_City,,,,,,
* All population figures are consistent with present-day boundaries.,,,,,,
First census after the consolidation of the five boroughs,,,,,,
,,,,,,
,,,,,,
Year,Manhattan,Brooklyn,Queens,Bronx,Staten Island,Total
1698,4937,2017,,,727,7681
1771,21863,3623,,,2847,28423
1790,33131,4549,6159,1781,3827,49447
1800,60515,5740,6642,1755,4563,79215
Note that it has 5 extra lines at the top before the column names occur. The pandas function for reading in CSV files is read_csv(). It has an option to skip rows which we will use here: 
pop = pd.read_csv('nycHistPop.csv',skiprows=5)

Before going on, let's print out the variable pop. It is a dataframe, described in the reading above: 

print(pop)
The last line of our first pandas program is: 
pop.plot(x="Year")
which makes a graphical display of all of the data series in the variable pop with the series corresponding to the column "Year" as the x-axis. Your output should look something like:

To recap: our program is: 


import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import pandas as pd
pop = pd.read_csv('nycHistPop.csv',skiprows=5)
pop.plot(x="Year")

plt.show()
which did the following: There are useful built-in statistics functions for the dataframes in pandas. For example, if you would like to know the maximum value for the series "Bronx", you apply the max() function to that series: 
print("The largest number living in the Bronx is", pop["Bronx"].max())
Similarly the average (mean) population for Queens can be computed: 
print("The average number living in the Queens is", pop["Queens"].mean())

Challenges

When you have the answer, see the Programming Problem List.

Manipulating Columns

Each column in the original spreadsheet is a column, or series. We can look at the column for the Bronx with: 

    print(pop['Bronx'])
How would you look at the one for Brooklyn?

A nice thing about series is that you can do basic arithmetic with them. For example, 

    print(pop['Bronx']*2)
prints out double the values in the column.

You can also use multiple columns in a calculation: 

    print(pop['Bronx']/pop['Total'])
prints out the fraction of the total population that lives in the Bronx.

We can save that series by creating a new column for it: 

    pop['Fraction'] = pop['Bronx']/pop['Total']
and then can use it to create a new graph: 
    pop.plot(x = 'Year', y = 'Fraction')
We can save it to a file, by storing the current figure (via "get current figure" or gcf() function and then saving it: 
    fig = plt.gcf()
    fig.savefig('fractionBX.png')
shown in the following plot:

Putting this altogether, we have a program: 

#Libraries for plotting and data processing:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd

#Open the CSV file and store in pop
pop = pd.read_csv('nycHistPop.csv',skiprows=5)

#Compute the fraction of the population in the Bronx, and save as new column:
pop['Fraction'] = pop['Bronx']/pop['Total']

#Create a plot of year versus fraction of pop. in Bronx (with labels):
pop.plot(x = 'Year', y = 'Fraction')

#Save to the file:  fractionBX.png
fig = plt.gcf()
fig.savefig('fractionBX.png')

How can you modify the program to let the user specify the borough to compute the fraction of the population? When you have the answer, see the Programming Problem List.

Aggregating repeated values in a column

Sometimes you have recurring values in a column and you want to examine the data for a particular value. For example, given the dataset containing weather observation in Australia, find the average rainfall at each location.

You may download the dataset to test this program locally.

The pandas function groupby() does exactly that: groups the rows by values in a given column and then aggregates the corresponding values for the other columns via some specified function (e.g. min, max, avg, ..)
Thus, to find the average rainfall at each location, we want to group 'Location', look at 'Rainfall' and take the average: 

#Import libraries.
import pandas as pd

#Read in the csv file.
rain = pd.read_csv('AustraliaRain.csv')

#Group the data by location
groupedData = rain.groupby('Location')

#Print the average rainfall
print(groupedData['Rainfall'].mean())

This will print a list of average rainfall measurements at each location:

Note: you could achieve the above in a single line as follows (it is equivalent to the above) 

...

#Group the data by location and print the average rainfall at each location.
print(rain.groupby('Location')['Rainfall'].mean())

Finally, to retrieve the data for a particular location, for example "Albury", we can use groupby() along with get_group(). 


#Group the data by location but look specifically at group 'Albury' (one of the repeated values in the 'Location' column).
albury = rain.groupby('Location').get_group('Albury')

#Print the average rainfall for Albury.
print(albury['Rainfall'].mean())

This will output a single number: the average rainfall in 'Albury'

More on the Command Line Interface

You can write programs in the Unix shell scripting language. Often called scripts, they are typically used for tying together input and output from different programs.

Let's look at a sample script (from elf lord's tutorials on linux): 

#!/bin/bash
echo "hello, $USER. I wish to list some files of yours"
echo "listing files in the current directory, $PWD"
ls  # list files
Looking at this script line-by-line:

In the shell, the different types of quotes have similar, but different, meanings. We'll use the double quotes since strings in double quotes will have special characters (like \n for newline) interpreted as in Python and C++.

Use any text editor that will allow you to save a file with any or no extension such as gEdit (included with some Linux distributions), textEdit (included with MacOS) or notepad (included with Windows) to modify the above script to say "Hello, World". Note that we're leaving off the "!" since it is a bit confusing to print due to its special meaning in the shell (it lists the history, or previous commands, you have typed; for example: !! gives all commands in the history, !cd will repeat the most recent command you gave that starts with cd). Include in the second and third lines your name and email for the grading scripts (the first line should be the #!/bin/bash. Save your file as helloScript

Next, we'll change the permissions on the file, so that we can run it directly, by just typing its name. In the terminal, move to the directory where you saved your script and type: 

$ chmod +x helloScript
(changes the "mode" of the file helloScript to be executable-- if you name it something else, replace the name in chmod command above).
  • To run your first shell script, you can now type its name at the terminal: 
    $ ./helloScript

    Make sure to include a comment on the second line with your name (the first line has the #! line). Comments in shell are, like Python, preceded by a #.

    Once you have a shell script that will print Hello, World, see the Programming Problem List.

    • github

    github is the standard way to share and collaborate on code. It functions much as Google docs does for documents. We will use it as a place (repository or "repo") for programs and lab exercises.
    1. If you do not already have an account, create an account on github. github will be used in future classes (and by employers), so, choose an account name that you can use for years to come.
    2. Work through the github for beginners tutorial.
    3. Work through the github Hello World tutorial.

    From Program #30 onward, all sample programs are available at the class repository (repo):

    https://github.com/HunterCSci127/CSci127
    You can access programs by going to the website, or, using the command line (see Lab 8 for details).

    What's Next?

    Now is a great time to take Lab Quiz 6! (15 minutes) It is directly based on Lecture and Lab 6.
    After that, you can continue working on the programming assignments. The Programming Problem List has problem descriptions, suggested reading, and due dates next to each problem.
    Keep in mind that the due dates are one week late for flexibility (if one week there is a setback and you can't submit your programs, you will have time catch up). Still, each week you should work on the programming assignments for that week, even if they are due a week later. If you are on a roll, you are welcome to work ahead!!!